Kuwulula zida zomwe zitha kuthetsa dziko lapansi ndi mayiko omwe ali nazo
Nambala 1 ikhoza kusintha dziko lathu lonse kukhala chipululu chapoizoni kwazaka zopitilira theka
| | Wolemba Richard Ahern - Zowopsa za nkhondo ya nyukiliya mu 2023 ndizowopsa, koma owerengeka a ife timamvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida za nyukiliya komanso kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zawo zowononga.
Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti, kuyambira kuwonjezeka kwa Ukraine-Russia nkhondo, chiwopsezo cha Nkhondo Yachitatu Yadziko Lonse ndi chenicheni. Putin wanena zambiri za kukwera kwa nyukiliya, Ukraine ikupempha thandizo kuchokera kumayiko a NATO, ndipo pali umboni kuti mayiko aku Western ali kukonzekera zoyipa.
Ngakhale zida zina zimatha kuwononga mzinda, zina zimatha kuwononga dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo imodzi, makamaka, imatha kupangitsa kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhalepo kwa zaka 50.
Bomba lalikulu kwambiri la nyukiliya silikhala lakupha kwambiri - kugwa kwa chida cha nyukiliya ndikofunikira kwambiri, kuphulika komweko sikungakhale kwamphamvu kwambiri, koma ma radiation omwe atsala pambuyo pake amatha kukhudza anthu kwazaka zambiri komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pomwe tikuvotera zida izi, tiwonanso njira zoperekera zida - chida chomwe chingathe kuwononga dziko sichikhala chothandiza ngati sichingagwire ntchito moyenera ndikulowa m'malo oteteza zida za nyukiliya.
Tingolankhula za zida zomwe tikudziwa kuti asayansi atha kupanga ndiukadaulo wamakono mu 2023 - sitilankhula za zida zongoyerekeza zomwe zitha kukhala zotheka zaka zana kuchokera pano.
Nkhaniyi ikufuna kukweza chophimba pa mitundu ya zida za nyukiliya zomwe zingatheke m'dziko lamasiku ano ndikukupatsani chithunzi chomveka bwino komanso kuyerekezera mtundu wa zowonongeka zomwe zingayambitse. Makanema nthawi zambiri amatulutsa mawu ngati "chiwopsezo cha nyukiliya" - mawu otakata omwe amalephera kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe zingatheke.
Chifukwa chake pamndandandawu, tiwonetsa zida zisanu zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu 5 kutengera kuphulika, kugwa kwa ma radiological, njira yobweretsera, komanso kuthekera kolowera m'makina achitetezo.
Momwe mabomba a nyukiliya amagwirira ntchito - kuwerenga zakumbuyo
5 Bomba la Neutron - mutu wowonjezera wa radiation
Bomba la neutron ndi mtundu wina wa zida zanyukiliya zomwe zimapangidwira kuvulaza anthu kuposa nyumba kapena zida. Bomba la neutroni ndi loopsa kwambiri chifukwa limawononga moyo ndendende koma kusiya zinthu zozungulira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabodza kuti ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa "zikuwoneka" zosawononga.
Bomba la nyutroni lili ndi zabwino zomveka pankhondo ngati chida chanyukiliya chanzeru, chogwiritsa ntchito kupha gulu lankhondo popanda kuwononga zida zankhondo zozungulira.
Kuphulikaku kumatulutsa ma radiation amphamvu omwe amatha kudutsa zida zankhondo kapena kulowa pansi. Woyambitsa bomba la nyutroni, Sam Cohen, ananena kuti ngati mutachotsa bokosi la uranium la bomba la haidrojeni, manyutroni otulutsidwa akhoza kupha adani patali kwambiri, ngakhale atabisala m'nyumba.
Zida za nyukiliya zimadalira zomwe zimachitika poyamba zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zambiri neutroni kuyambitsa magawo ena. Ma neutroni awa nthawi zambiri amakhala mkati mwa thumba la uranium ndipo amawonekera mkati kuti apititse patsogolo momwe kuphulikako kukuchitika.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mu bomba la neutroni, thumba la uranium limachotsedwa, kufalitsa ma neutroni kunja, kutsitsa kuphulika kwa bomba koma kumawonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa poizoni wakupha.
Akatswiri ena adaganiza kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yolankhulirana motsutsana ndi ziwopsezo monga mivi ya Soviet, kuchepetsa chiopsezo chophulitsa miviyo molakwika pakuwukira.
Ubwino wa bomba la neutron uli pakugwiritsa ntchito ngati zida zanyukiliya zanzeru, chifukwa amalola kulunjika kwa asitikali ankhondo popanda nkhawa yowononga anthu wamba chifukwa cha kuphulikako. Komabe, izi zimabweretsanso nkhawa zamaganizidwe, chifukwa kuvomereza kwawo kungatanthauze kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosaganizira.
Izi ndi zowopsa:
Bomba la nyutroni likhoza kukhala chida cha nyukiliya chomwe chimayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zazikulu kwambiri, kulola maboma "kuviika zala zawo" mu nkhondo ya nyukiliya - koma asanadziwe, akuwononga mayiko onse.
4 Nkhondo ya nyukiliya ya Hypersonic
Chida chotsatira sichimayesedwa ndi kuphulika kwake kapena kuphulika kwa ma radiation - koma ndi njira yake yoperekera.
Chifukwa chiyani chida ngati sichingafikire chandamale chake?
Zida za ma hypersonic ndizowopsa kwambiri chifukwa zimatha kunyamula zida za nyukiliya pa liwiro lopitilira kasanu la liwiro la phokoso ndikuyendetsa mwachangu polamula.
Chombo chodzidzimutsa chotchedwa intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) chimatsatira njira yokhotakhota, ikukwera mumlengalenga ndikutsika pa chandamale chake motsogozedwa ndi mphamvu yokoka. Ma ICBM adakonzedweratu kuti akwaniritse zolinga zenizeni - akangodutsa, sangathe kusintha njira yawo.
Chifukwa cha njira yodziwikiratu yakugwa kwaulereyi, zida zodzitchinjiriza zimatha kuzindikira ndikuletsa ma ICBM.
Mosiyana ndi izi, mivi ya hypersonic imakhala ndi injini za jet ndipo imayendetsedwa patali paulendo wawo wonse. Kuphatikiza apo, amayenda m'malo otsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuzindikira msanga kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Ena amatha kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri kotero kuti mpweya umene uli patsogolo pawo umapanga mtambo wa plasma umene umayamwa mafunde a wailesi kukhala ngati “chotsekera” chimene chimachititsa kuti asaonekere ku rada. Zotsatira zake, mayiko ambiri akuthamangira kuti atukuke machitidwe atsopano achitetezo zomwe zimatha kuzindikira mivi yobwera ya hypersonic.
Kodi mivi ya hypersonic imatha bwanji?
Kuti tifotokoze momveka bwino, liwiro la mawu, lomwe limadziwika kuti Mach 1, ndi pafupifupi 760mph. Ndege zamakono zonyamula anthu nthawi zambiri zimayenda pang'onopang'ono kuposa liwiro ili (subsonic), nthawi zambiri mpaka Mach 0.8. Ambiri adzakumbukira ndege ya Concorde supersonic yomwe imatha kuwuluka kawiri liwiro la phokoso kapena Mach 2.
Kuthamanga mwachangu kuposa Mach 5 kumaganiziridwa hypersonic, osachepera 3,836mph, koma mivi yambiri ya hypersonic imatha kuyenda mowirikiza kawiri pa Mach 10!
M'malingaliro:
Ndege yothamanga kwambiri ikuuluka kuchokera Russia ku United States zingatenge pafupifupi maola 9 - mzinga wa hypersonic womwe ukuyenda mozungulira Mach 10 ukafika ku US mu mphindi 45 zokha!
Kodi mwakonzeka kumva zoipa?
Russia yadzitamandira chifukwa cha zida zake zankhondo zonyamula zida za nyukiliya zosiyanasiyana. Lingaliro loti chida chilichonse chomwe chili pamndandandawu chikuyikidwa pa mizinga ya hypersonic ndichowopsa.
3 The Tsar Bomba - bomba la haidrojeni
Kwa mphamvu yakuphulika yaiwisi, chida champhamvu kwambiri cha nyukiliya chomwe chidapangidwa ndikuyesedwa chinali bomba la haidrojeni lopangidwa ndi Soviet Union lotchedwa Tsar Bomba.
bomba zar, nyukiliya yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse, yolemera pafupifupi mapaundi 60,000, inali anayesedwa kudera lakutali lotchedwa Mityushikha Bay pachilumba cha Severny ku Arctic Circle. Pa 30 October 1961, ndege yotchedwa Tupolev Tu-95 inanyamula chipangizocho ndikuchitsitsa kuchoka pa 34,000 mapazi.
Parachuti idalumikizidwa kuti ichepetse bomba kuti ndegeyo ipulumuke, koma ogwira nawo ntchito anali ndi mwayi wopulumuka 50%.
Tsar Bomba inali bomba la haidrojeni kapena chida cha nyukiliya cha m'badwo wachiwiri chokhala ndi mphamvu zowononga kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya nyukiliya.
A standard fission reaction imayambitsa kuphatikizika kwamphamvu kwachiwiri komwe kumatulutsa mphamvu zambiri. Mabomba a Fusion amagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrogen isotopes omwe amadziwika kuti deuterium ndi tritium ngati mafuta, motero amatchedwa bomba la haidrojeni. Komabe, zida zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu deuteride pamapangidwe awo, koma mfundo yake ndi yofanana.
Kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya zimachitika pamene nyukiliya yaying'ono ya atomiki ilumikizana ndikupanga phata lalikulu, kutulutsa mphamvu yayikulu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kugawanika kwa nyukiliya, kumene kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha pa zida za nyukiliya za m’badwo woyamba, kumaphatikizapo kugaŵa nyukiliya yaikulu ya atomiki kukhala tizidutswa ting’onoting’ono. Ngakhale kuti fission imatulutsanso mphamvu, sizimapanga zambiri monga kusakanikirana.
Fusion ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu:
Kuphatikizika kwa zida za nyukiliya kumapereka mphamvu pamoto waukulu womwe umathandizira zamoyo zonse Padziko Lapansi - dzuwa lathu. Ngati titha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizira kuti ipitirire kutulutsa mphamvu m'mafakitale opangira magetsi m'malo mwazomera zathu zapakatikati, izi zitha kuthetsa mavuto onse amphamvu padziko lapansi!
Kuti tifotokoze bwino…
Kuphulika kwa Tsar Bomba kunali kwamphamvu kuwirikiza nthawi 1,570 kuposa mabomba ophulika omwe anaponyedwa pa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ku Japan. Bombalo linayambitsa mtambo waukulu wa bowa, ndikuphwanya mawindo a nyumba ku Norway ndi Finland pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 600. Kuphulikako kunazungulira dziko lonse katatu, ndipo New Zealand ikujambula kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wa mpweya nthawi iliyonse!
Mpira wamoto wa Tsar Bomba unkawoneka kuchokera pa mtunda wa makilomita oposa 600 ndipo unali pafupi makilomita 5 m'mimba mwake - waukulu wokwanira kumiza Las Vegas Strip yonse ndi zina!
Tsar Bomba inali chida champhamvu komanso chiwonongeko choopsa, bomba lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe linayesedwapo. Kuwonongeka kwake kwa radiological kudapangidwa kuti kukhale kwazing'ono, pomwe oyesa amatha kubwereranso pamalowa patangotha maola awiri popanda chiopsezo ku thanzi lawo.
Tsar Bomba adawonetsa kuti ndi ukadaulo wophatikizika, panalibe malire ku mphamvu zowononga zomwe zingatheke - mongoyerekeza, bomba lalikulu, kuphulika kwakukulu.
Soviet Union ili ndi mbiri iyi yopanga ndi kuyesa chida champhamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mabomba otsalawo pano ali mu Russian Atomic Weapon Museum ku Sarov.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Soviet Union itagwa, dziko la Russia linatengera zida zake zonse za nyukiliya!
2 Bomba la Tantalum - chida cha nyukiliya chamchere
Isotopu yosadziwika bwino yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zida za nyukiliya ndi tantalum, chitsulo chonyezimira chodziwika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kusungunuka kwake. Chida chochokera ku tantalum chimagwiritsa ntchito isotopu yachitsulo yopangira ma radio - imodzi mwa ma radioisotopu 35 odziwika odziwika.
Amatchedwa "bomba lamchere," tantalum yafufuzidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mchere, womwe ungakulungidwe pamutu wankhondo wa nyukiliya.
Kodi bomba lamchere ndi chiyani?
“Mabomba a mchere” ndi zina mwa zida zakupha kwambiri m’mbiri yonse, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti n’zachisembwere ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa zida za tsiku la chiwonongeko. Mawu akuti mchere amachokera ku mawu akuti “kuika mchere wa dziko lapansi,” kutanthauza kuchititsa nthaka kukhala yopanda moyo. M’nthaŵi zakale kufalikira kwa mchere pa malo a mizinda imene inagonjetsedwa linali temberero loletsa kukhazikikanso kwa malowo mwa kuletsa adani kulima minda.
Bomba lokhala ndi mchere limagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zolemera monga tantalum ndipo limapangidwira kuti lizitha kuphulika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuphulika kwa radius - kuwapatsa mwayi wowononga mlengalenga padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuphulika kwa chipangizochi kumayambitsa kusakanikirana komwe kumatulutsa ma neutroni amphamvu kwambiri omwe amasintha tantalum-181 (“mchere”) kukhala tantalum-182 yowopsa kwambiri.
Theka la moyo wa tantalum-182 ndi pafupifupi masiku 115, kutanthauza kuti chilengedwe chimasiyidwa chokhala ndi ma radio radio kwa miyezi yambiri kuphulikako. Mofanana ndi mabomba ena amchere omwe ali pamndandandawu, zida zankhondo zimatulutsa kuwala kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwambiri komwe kumatha kulowa m'makoma okhuthala ndikuwononga DNA kwa moyo wonse.
Chida chofanana ndi tantalum ndi bomba la mchere wa zinc lomwe lili ndi zinthu zofanana, ngakhale tantalum imatulutsa pang'ono. mphamvu zapamwamba ma radiation a gamma ndipo amafufuzidwa kwambiri pakupanga zida.
Ndani ali ndi bomba la tantalum?
Palibe amene adanenapo kuti ali ndi bomba la nyukiliya lokhala ndi mchere wa tantalum.
Komabe, mu 2018 panali nkhawa zomwe zikukula China inali kutsitsimutsa lingaliro la chida choopsa cha tantalum, chomwe chinapangidwa m'nthaŵi ya Cold War. Kukayikira kudayambika ndi kuyesa kothandizidwa ndi boma pamalo ofufuza aku China. Asayansi ochokera ku China Academy of Sciences ku Beijing adanenanso kuti adachita bwino kuwombera mizati yotentha kwambiri ya isotope tantalum ya radioactive, kutanthauza kuti dzikolo likuchita chidwi ndi ntchito zankhondo za tantalum.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku waku China ndi zida za tantalum sizikudziwika - izi zitha kuwonedwa ngati chinsinsi cha boma chotetezedwa.
1 Bomba la Cobalt - chipangizo cha tsiku lachiweruzo
Bomba la cobalt ndi chipangizo cha tsiku lachiwonongeko - chida chowononga kwambiri kotero kuti chikhoza kuthetsa moyo wonse wa anthu pa Dziko Lapansi, bomba la nyukiliya loipitsitsa kwambiri pamndandandawu.
Bomba la cobalt ndi mtundu wina wa "bomba lamchere," chida cha nyukiliya chopangidwa kuti chipangitse kuwala kowonjezera. Katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya zakuthambo, Leó Spitz, ananena kuti bombali ndi chipangizo chimene sichiyenera kupangidwa koma chosonyeza mmene zida za nyukiliya zingafike powononga dziko lonse.
Bombalo lili ndi bomba la haidrojeni lozunguliridwa ndi cobalt yachitsulo, makamaka isotope wamba wa cobalt-59. Pakuphulika kwa chipangizocho, cobalt-59 imawomberedwa ndi ma neutroni kuchokera ku fusion reaction ndikusinthidwa kukhala cobalt-60 yowopsa kwambiri. Ma radioactive cobalt-60 amagwera pansi kulola mafunde amphepo kuti afalikire padziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi bomba la cobalt ndi lamphamvu bwanji?
Ma radiation opangidwa ndi bomba la cobalt amakhalabe m'mlengalenga kwa zaka makumi ambiri, nthawi yayitali kuposa mabomba amchere ofanana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito tantalum kapena zinc, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pobisalira bomba zisachitike.
Kuyerekeza kukuwonetsa kuti mlengalenga ungakhalebe wotulutsa ma radio kwa zaka pafupifupi 30-70, kulola nthawi yokwanira kuti mafunde amphepo afalitse isotopu padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale ma radiation amakhala ndi moyo wautali, theka la moyo wa cobalt-60 ndi lalifupi kwambiri kuti lipange kwambiri. cheza chakupha. M'malo mwake, cobalt imatulutsa kuwala kwamphamvu kwa gamma kuposa zonse tantalum ndi zinc - zomwe zimapangitsa bomba la cobalt kukhala chida chakupha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Zimakhala zowopsa kwambiri:
Mtundu wa radiation yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi bomba lamchere ngati cobalt ndiyowopsa kwambiri. Cobalt-60 imatulutsa cheza champhamvu kwambiri cha gamma chomwe chimatha kulowa mosavuta pakhungu komanso zopinga zonse.
Kuwala kwa gamma kumadutsa kwambiri kotero kuti inchi zingapo za mtovu kapena mapazi ambiri a konkire amafunikira kutchinga.
Ma cheza a gamma opangidwa ndi bomba la cobalt (ndi mabomba ena amchere) amatha kudutsa thupi la munthu mosavutikira, kuwononga minofu ndi DNA ndikuyambitsa khansa. Zotsatira zazifupi za ma radiation a gamma monga kupsa pakhungu, matenda a radiation, ndipo nthawi zambiri kufa kowawa.
Kodi pali bomba la cobalt?
Palibe dziko limene limadziwika kuti lili ndi bomba la nyukiliya la cobalt chifukwa chida choterechi chimaonedwa kuti n’chosayenera.
Mu 1957, a British adayesa bomba pogwiritsa ntchito cobalt pellets ngati tracer kuti ayese zokolola, koma mayeserowo ankawoneka ngati olephera ndipo sanabwereze.
Nayi nkhani yoyipa…
Mu 2015, chikalata chanzeru chomwe chidatsitsidwa chidati dziko la Russia likupanga zida zanyukiliya kuti apange "malo ambiri oipitsidwa ndi ma radio, kuwapangitsa kukhala osagwiritsidwa ntchito pazankhondo, zachuma kapena zochitika zina kwa nthawi yayitali."
Nyuzipepala ya ku Russia inanena kuti chidacho chinalidi a bomba la cobalt. Ngakhale chilankhulo chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikalatachi chikuwonetsa kuti chidacho chikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito cobalt mwa kupanga, sizikudziwika ngati aku Russia akufuna kupanga kapena kupanga bomba la cobalt. Zoonadi, kupanga kapena kukhala ndi bomba la cobalt kudzakhala kodziwika kwambiri monga momwe mayiko angayankhire angakhale okwiya komanso mantha.
Nkhani yabwino, mwina, ndikuti kupanga chida chotere ndi anthu aku Russia sikungakhale kopanda nzeru, poganizira kuti kugwa kwa ma radiation kudzafika ku dziko la Russia.
Ndi munthu wamisala kapena boma lokha lomwe lingaganizire kugwiritsa ntchito chida chotere pokhapokha ngati ali ndi malingaliro okhazikitsa pulaneti lina kapena kukhala m'bwalo lakuya la pansi pa nthaka kwa moyo wawo wonse.
Kotero, ndithudi palibe amene angakhale wopusa kuti apange bomba la cobalt - chabwino?
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