MFUNDO-CHEKANI GUARANTEE
Kupendekeka Kwandale
& Kamvekedwe ka Maganizo
Nkhaniyi ndi yosakondera pazandale chifukwa ikunena za sayansi komanso kafukufuku wokhudza moyo wa nyama ndipo simakambirana kapena kukondera zandale kapena chipani chilichonse.
Amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga.
Lingaliro lamalingaliro silinalowererepo chifukwa limapereka chidziwitso m'njira yoyenera komanso yowona popanda kuwonetsa malingaliro ena.
Amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga.
| | Wolemba Richard Ahern - Kusakhoza kufa sikungatheke kuposa momwe ambiri angaganizire; pamene nyama zingapo zimadziwika kuti zimakhala ndi moyo kwa zaka 100, ndi zochepa chabe zomwe zingakhoze kukhala ndi moyo kosatha.
Kutalika kwa moyo kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zamoyo kupita ku zamoyo. Ngakhale kuti avereji ya anthu m’mayiko otukuka ndi pafupifupi zaka 80, tizilombo totchedwa Mayfly timakhala ndi moyo kwa maola 24 okha, pamene nyama zonga kamba wamkulu zakhala zikudziwika kuti zafika zaka zoposa 200.
Koma moyo wosafa ndi wapadera ndipo umapezeka mwa mitundu yochepa chabe.
1 Tree wētā - zimphona zazikulu
Tree wētā ndi zimphona zazikulu zosauluka za banja la Anostostomatidae la tizilombo. Zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka ku New Zealand, crickets ndi zina mwa tizilombo tolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango ndi minda yakumidzi, zolengedwa izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamaphunziro azachilengedwe komanso chisinthiko.
Mpaka 40mm (1.6in) kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 3-7g (0.1-0.25oz), mtengo wētā umakula bwino m'mabowo mkati mwa mitengo, yosungidwa ndi iwo ndipo amadziwika kuti magalasi. Ma Weta nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'magulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mwamuna mmodzi mpaka akazi khumi.
Ndi zolengedwa zausiku, zobisala masana ndikudya masamba, maluwa, zipatso, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono usiku. Ali aang'ono, weta amataya ma exoskeletons awo kasanu ndi kawiri pazaka ziwiri mpaka atakula.
Nayi gawo lodabwitsa…
Tizilombo timeneti timatha kupirira kuzizira, chifukwa mapuloteni apadera m’mwazi wawo. Ngakhale mitima yawo ndi ubongo zitawuma, zimatha "kutsitsimutsidwa" zikasungunuka, kuwonetsa njira yodabwitsa yopulumukira.
Pokhapokha ataphedwa ndi adani, tizilomboti tingathe kukhala ndi moyo kosatha.
2 The planarian nyongolotsi
Mfungulo ya moyo wosakhoza kufa ikhoza kukhala mu nyongolotsi.
Izo si nthano za sayansi - ndikupeza kuchokera ochita kafukufuku ku Yunivesite ya Nottingham. Iwo anatulukira modabwitsa ponena za mtundu wa nyongolotsi zimene zingatsegule zinsinsi za ukalamba wa anthu.
Kafukufuku wapeza kuti nyama zina zimatha kubwezeretsanso kuvulala kwa gawo linalake la thupi, monga chiwindi mwa anthu ndi mtima mu zebrafish, koma nyamayi imatha kubwezeretsa thupi lake lonse.
Kumanani ndi mphutsi za planarian.
Ma flatworms awa akhumudwitsa asayansi kwa zaka zambiri ndi kuthekera kwawo kosatha kubwezeretsanso dera lililonse losowa. Nyongolotsizi zimatha kukulitsa minofu, khungu, matumbo, ngakhalenso ubongo mobwerezabwereza.
Zolengedwa zosakhoza kufa izi sizimakalamba monga ife timachitira. Dr. Aziz Aboobaker wa pa yunivesite ya Nottingham’s School of Biology anafotokoza kuti nyongolotsizi zimatha kupewa kukalamba komanso kuti maselo awo azigawikana. Iwo ndi osakhoza kufa.
Chinsinsi chagona mu ma telomeres ...
Telomeres ndi "zipewa" zoteteza kumapeto kwa ma chromosome athu. Ganizirani za iwo ngati malekezero pa chingwe cha nsapato - amalepheretsa zingwe kuti zisawonongeke.
Nthawi iliyonse selo likagawanika, ma telomerewa amafupika. Pamapeto pake, selo limataya mphamvu yake yokonzanso ndi kugawikana. Nyama zosakhoza kufa monga mphutsi za planarian ziyenera kuteteza ma telomere awo kuti asafupikitse.
Nayi kutsogola…
Dr. Aboobaker ananeneratu kuti nyongolotsi za planarian zimasunga malekezero a ma chromosome awo m'maselo akuluakulu. Izi zimatsogolera ku zomwe zingakhale zongopeka zosafa.
Kafukufukuyu sanali wophweka. Gululo lidachita zoyeserera mwamphamvu kuti livumbulutse kusakhoza kufa kwa nyongolotsi. Pambuyo pake adapeza njira yochenjera ya mamolekyu yomwe imathandiza kuti maselo azigawikana kosatha popanda kufupikitsa ma chromosome.
Mu zamoyo zambiri, puloteni yotchedwa telomerase ndi yomwe imayang'anira kusunga ma telomeres. Koma tikamakalamba, ntchito yake imachepa.
Kafukufukuyu adapeza mtundu wotheka wa ma gene coding a telomerase. Iwo adapeza kuti nyongolotsi za asexual zimachulukitsa kwambiri ntchito ya jini iyi ikadzabadwanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo atsinde asunge ma telomere awo.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti nyongolotsi zobereketsa zogonana sizikuwoneka kuti zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa telomere mofanana ndi momwe anthu amachitira. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kudadabwitsa ofufuzawo, chifukwa mitundu yonse iwiriyi ili ndi mphamvu zosinthika zopanda malire.
Ndiye kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?
Gululo likuganiza kuti nyongolotsi zoberekera zimatha kuwonetsa kufupikitsa kwa telomere kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira ina.
Nyongolotsi izi zimatha kukhala ndi zinsinsi kupitilira kusafa kwawo. Pulofesa Douglas Kell, Chief Executive wa BBSRC, adanenanso kuti kafukufukuyu amathandizira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwathu ukalamba. Ikhoza kukhala chinsinsi chothandizira thanzi ndi moyo wautali m'zamoyo zina, kuphatikizapo anthu.
3 Nsomba yosakhoza kufa
Turritopsis dohrnii, yemwenso amadziwika kuti ndi jellyfish yosafa, wakopa chidwi chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yodabwitsa yobwerera ku siteji ya ubwana wogonana pambuyo pofika msinkhu wogonana.
Imapezeka m'madzi ofunda padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo imayamba kukhala timphutsi tating'onoting'ono totchedwa planulae. Nsomba zimenezi zimachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhala m'madzi timene timakhala pansi panyanja, ndipo kenako n'kusanduka nsomba zotchedwa jellyfish. Mitundu yofanana mwachibadwa imeneyi imapanga mawonekedwe a nthambi zambiri, zachilendo pakati pa nsomba za jellyfish.
Akamakula, amakhwima pogonana ndipo amadya mitundu ina ya nsomba za jellyfish. Akakumana ndi kupsinjika, matenda, kapena zaka, T. dohrnii amatha kubwereranso ku polyp stage kudzera munjira yotchedwa transdifferentiation.
Njira yodabwitsa ya transdifferentiation imalola maselo kusintha kukhala mitundu yatsopano, kupanga bwino T. dohrnii biologically immortal. Mwachidziwitso, njirayi imatha kupitilira mpaka kalekale, komabe, mwachilengedwe, kugwidwa kapena matenda kumatha kuyambitsa imfa popanda kubwereranso ku mawonekedwe a polyp. Chodabwitsa ichi sichimangopezeka kwa T. dohrnii - luso lofanana likuwonekera mu jellyfish Laodicea undulata ndi mitundu ya mtundu wa Aurelia.
Kuthekera kwa kusafa kwa T. dohrnii kwapangitsa jellyfish iyi kukhala yowonekera kwambiri pa kafukufuku wasayansi. Kuthekera kwake kwapadera kwachilengedwe kumakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakufufuza mu biology, njira zokalamba, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Zokhudza thanzi la munthu komanso moyo wautali
Kafukufuku wokhudza zamoyozi watsegula chitseko chomvetsetsa ukalamba pamlingo wa maselo.
M'mawu osavuta, nyama izi zitha kutiphunzitsa momwe tingakhalire osakhoza kufa - kapena momwe tingachepetsere ukalamba komanso mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi ukalamba m'maselo amunthu.
Nthawi yokhayo komanso kafukufuku wowonjezereka angafotokoze zomwe zomwe atulukirazi zingatanthauze kwa anthu. Koma chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika - nyama izi zitha kufotokozeranso zomwe timadziwa za moyo ndi moyo wautali.
Lowani nawo zokambirana!